“Amakhosi Amane” ohlobo lwe-COVID-19 oluguquguqukayo

Umqedazwe womhlaba wonke wobhubhane olusha lomqhele ubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kanye nomthelela ekukhuleni komnotho womhlaba, ukuhwebelana ngamasiko kanye nempilo yansuku zonke yabantu emhlabeni jikelele. Kuze kube manje, nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kobhubhane lomhlaba wonke sekuvinjwe futhi kwalawulwa ngempumelelo. Nokho, ngokuguqulwa kwe-I-COVID 19, amanye amazwe kuye kwavela izinhlobo eziguqukile ezisakazeka ngokushesha. Phakathi kwazo, ukuhlukahluka kwe-coronavirus okusha okwenzeke e-United Kingdom, eNingizimu Afrika, eBrazil, e-India, njll. kungachazwa ngokuthi "amakhosi amane" ezinhlobo eziguqukayo.

• U-Alpha uvele eNgilandi ngoSepthemba 2020 futhi wabangela ukwanda kwamacala asebusika, okwabuyisela i-United Kingdom ekuvaleni ngoJanuwari. Amanye amazwe asalele emuva, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation, kwaba wuhlupho olukhulu e-United States ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, futhi kusukela ngoMeyi 25, okungenani amazwe ayi-149 abike lolu hlobo.
• I-Beta yavela eNingizimu Afrika ngo-Agasti 2020, okwaholela ekubuyeni kwamacala e-Covid-19, ashanele eningizimu ye-Afrika. Kusukela ngoMeyi 25, okungenani amazwe ayi-102 abike lesi simo.
• I-Gamma yatholwa okokuqala edolobheni lase-Amazon eManaus ngoDisemba 2020, okubangele ukuhlinzwa kwezimo, okukhathaza uhlelo lwezempilo lwaseBrazil futhi kwabangela ukushoda komoyampilo. Kusukela ngoMeyi 25, okungenani amazwe angama-59 abike lesi simo.
• IDelta yatholwa okokuqala eNdiya ngo-Okthoba 2020, kwathi ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, leli gciwane selitholakale okungenani emazweni angama-54. I-British Emergency Science Advisory Group yathi ngoMeyi 13 izinga layo lokudlulisela lingase libe phezulu ngo-50% kunalelo lokwehluka kwe-alpha.

I-2019-nCoV iyingxenye ye-beta ye-coronavirus. Igciwane le-RNA elinemucu owodwa elinemvilophu. Izinhlayiya ziyindilinga noma ziyi-elliptical futhi zinobubanzi obungu-60-140nm. Inezakhi zofuzo ezi-5 ezibalulekile, ezihlanganisa amaprotheni esakhiwo angu-4I-Nucleocapsid protein (N),Gcoba amaprotheni (E),I-membrane amaprotheni (M) kanyeSpikeI-Glycoprotein (S), kanyeHi-emagglutinin-esterasedimer (RdRp). II-Nucleocapsid protein (N) isonga i-RNA genome ukwenza i-nucleocapsid ezinzile. I-nucleocapsid izungezwe imvilophu yegciwane (E) ukuze ivikeleke. Emvilophini yegciwane, zikhonaI-membrane amaprotheni (M) kanyeSpikeI-Glycoprotein (S) Amaprotheni alinganayo. Phakathi kwazo, i-coronavirus entsha isebenzisa amaprotheni e-surface spike ukubopha kuma-cell receptors, bese ihlasela amaseli. I-Spike Glycoprotein nayo iyisakhiwo esibalulekile ukuze amasosha omzimba abone amagciwane futhi awenze angasebenzi ngamasosha omzimba. Lezi zinhlobo ezine ezintsha ze-coronavirus eziguquguqukayo kungenxa yoguquko kwezinye izingosi ezibalulekile ze-Spike Glycoprotein (S), okuholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile ebudlelwaneni bezinhlobo eziguquguqukayo nama-cell receptors noma amasosha omzimba anciphisa amandla. Lokhu kuphinde kwaholela ekutheni lezi zinhlobo ezine eziguquguqukayo zibe yizinhlobo eziyinhloko ezisabalalisa njengamanje.

Izici eziyinhloko zamaphrotheni e-Alpha ne-Beta mutant S zimi kanje:

Ithimba eliholwa nguSolwazi u-Chen Bing wase-Harvard Medical School kanye ne-Boston Children's Hospital lisanda kushicilela uchungechunge lwemiphumela yocwaningo kujenali yezemfundo ephezulu ethi "Science", ebonisa ukuthi yaqala ukutholakala ku-alpha variant. I-amino acid ishintsha i-A570D kanye ne-S982A isiza i-spike protein trimer ukuthi igcine isizinda sayo esibopha isamukeli sisesimweni lapho sibophezela khona kumamukeli. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-N501Y inyusa ubudlelwano obubophezelayo besizinda sokubopha isamukeli ku-ACE2 receptor. Abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingavumela ukwahluka kwe-alpha ukuthi kuthelele izinhlobo zamaseli anama-receptors e-ACE2 ambalwa.

Imiphumela yocwaningo yeqembu iphinde ibonise ukuthi kugciwane le-Beta, iphrotheni ye-S igcina kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-G614 trimer futhi inokuqina okufanayo kwe-biochemical. I-N501Y, K417N kanye ne-E484K ku-RBD ayizange ibangele izinguquko ezinkulu zesakhiwo, kodwa ukulahleka kwamabhuloho kasawoti phakathi kwe-K417 ne-ACE2 Asp30 ne-Glu484 kanye ne-ACE2 Lys31 kwehlisa ukukhuphuka kokuhlangana kwe-receptor okunikezwe yi-N501Y. I-K417N ne-E484K ingase ibangele amasosha omzimba aqondise i-epitope ye-RBD-2 ukuthi alahlekelwe ukubopha kanye nokungathathi hlangothi. Ukuguqulwa okuhambisana nalokhu ku-NTD kwakheka kabusha ingaphezulu le-antigen futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuqeda amasosha omzimba ngokumelene ne-NTD-1 epitope. Izinhlobo ze-beta cishe zizokhethwa ngaphansi kwezinga elithile lokucindezela komzimba

Izici eziyinhloko ze-Gamma mutant S protein:

Ocwaningweni olwanyatheliswa kumagazini iSayensi ngo-Ephreli 14, 2021, ithimba labacwaningi bamazwe ngamazwe lenze ucwaningo oluhlobene nokuhlaziya okuhlukile kwe-Gamma (P.1) ye-coronavirus entsha evela eBrazil. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi igciwane le-Gamma (P.1) linezinguquko ezingu-17 eziyingqayizivele ze-amino acid, ezingu-10 zazo ezikhona kuphrotheni ye-spike, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezintathu ezikhathazayo kakhulu: i-N501Y, E484K, ne-K417T. I-N501Y ne-K417T zisebenzisana ne-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), kuyilapho i-E484K itholakala endaweni eyiluphu ngaphandle kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-ACE2. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezintathu zikhona futhi enguqulweni yaseNingizimu Afrika (Beta, B.1.351) ethole ukunakwa okukhulu, futhi i-N501Y ikhona kokuhlukile kwe-British (Alpha, B.1.1.7). Ngoba kubonakala sengathi zenza ukuhlukahluka kwegciwane kubophe kuqine kakhulu kumaseli omuntu, kwezinye izimo, ukusiza ukugwema amasosha omzimba.

Izici eziyinhloko ze-Delta mutant S protein:

I-athikili eshicilelwe kuplathifomu ye-bioRxiv ngoJuni 17, 2021 inqume ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-P681R kulondolozwa kakhulu ohlwini lozalo lwe-delta (B.1.617) ngocwaningo lwezinhlobonhlobo ze-delta (B.1.617). Ngocwaningo olujulile, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-P681R kukhuthaze ukuqhekeka kwe-furin-mediated kweprotein ye-spike kanye nokusheshisa ukuhlangana kwamaseli. Futhi ukukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-P681 ukuthuthukisa amandla egciwane okubalekela amasosha omzimba angathathi hlangothi.

Ngokwezici ze-epidemiological and etiological "zamakhosi amane" kaI-COVID 19 i-mutant strain, kungabonakala ukuthi ubhubhane lwasendaweni lwalolu bhubhane luzoba isimo esijwayelekile sobhubhane lomhlaba wonke. Ukusabela ngenkuthalo kunqubomgomo yamazwe ngamazwe yokunqanda ubhubhane kanye nokufuna umuthi wokugomela umqhele obanzi nophumelelayo kuzoba isikhali sethu esinamandla sokulwa nalolu bhubhane.

(Umthombo wedatha: WHO)